оПЧПЕ РПЛПМЕОЙЕ ДЕФПОБГЙПООЩИ ХУФТПКУФЧ ТБЪДЕМЕОЙС ЛПОУФТХЛГЙЙ ЛПУНЙЮЕУЛЙИ БРРБТБФПЧ

(ПУОПЧЩ РТПЕЛФЙТПЧБОЙС)

ч.ч.еЖБОПЧ, ч.ч.зПТПЧГПЧ, с.з.рПДПВЕДПЧ

жзхр <оБХЮОП-РТПЙЪЧПДУФЧЕООПЕ ПВЯЕДЙОЕОЙЕ ЙН. у.б.мБЧПЮЛЙОБ>

тПУУЙС, 141400, нп, иЙНЛЙ, мЕОЙОЗТБДУЛБС, 24

б.б.лПФПНЙО, у.б.дХЫЕОПЛ

уБОЛФ-рЕФЕТВХТЗУЛЙК ЗПУХДБТУФЧЕООЩК ФЕИОПМПЗЙЮЕУЛЙК ЙОУФЙФХФ

At present time and in nearest future creation of the spacecrafts for scientific, civil and social-economic tasks is impossible without using of different types of the structure separation devices on-board of them. The most effectively operations on spacecraft structure separation is being done with the help of pyromechanical and detonation systems and devices.

New structure separation devices based on elastic explosive substances (EES) created by staffs of Lavochkin Association and Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology are described in the article. EES let to manufacture monolith - charges with complicated configuration, working with high reliability and accuracy, to modernize separation systems at their base.

Performed researches had let to implement general laws of detonation process of elastic explosive substances and to develop complex of calculation methods and their energetic characteristics, detonation and other parameters.

The main requirement to EES for separation systems and for aerospace technick in the whole is small critical diameter of detonation. Its value is determined by combination of kinetic and thermodynamic factors in gas dynamic of concrete charge of explosive substance.

Created elastic explosive compositions EES-22н, EES-75ч, EES <Elas>, and also EES <Tranelit> have necessary for using in aerospace technick complex of characteristics: high detonation ability, possibility of forming from them charges with small mass and complicated configuration.

Methodic was developed according to which calculation of efficiency and working ability of detonation devices is being performed by two criteria: and .

For space technick basing at casting solidified elastic explosive substance EES-75B detonation locks, carrying not only axial load (as in traditional pyrolocks), but also significant side load simultaneously, were created. They carry axial loads from 30 up to 120 kN. Optimization of these devices structure has let to decrease mass of explosive substance in working zone up to 0,1:0,35 g depending on rupture effort, in comparison, in traditional rupture bolts with rupture effort of 40 kN it is ~ 0,4 g of crystal explosive substance.

At the present time significant problem during exploitation of structure separation systems and devices of the flight vehicles is large shock action onto on-board equipment while their activation. In described devices significant decreasing is achieved by including of crumpling damper into the structure of locks, which absorb exceeding energy of piston after separation and calibrated channels of ~0,5 mm in diameter in piston. Hence, mechanical and gas dynamic damping and also decreasing of compressing effort onto separating interface during activation due to redistribution of detonation products happens. In addition, making of EES charge dispersed significantly helps to decrease shock loads.

For transfer of detonation pulse to executive explosive devices in separation systems we have also created reliable non-destructive sealed translators of detonation, excluding leakage of gaseous explosion products outside while activation. They were created basing on EES <Tranelit> and looks like multilayer tube with external diameter of ~ 4,5 mm with specific mass of ~ 60 g/m.

Described devices were used on board ,2>, , spacecrafts and others.

At the present time new devices and separation systems are being designed and developed basing on EES in the frames of such space projects as , , <Phobos-grunt> and others.