International monitoring aerospace system and Humanity safety A.N.Perminov, V.A.Menshikov Federal Space
Agency The
article is devoted to the issues and prospects of the creation of International
Global Monitoring Aerospace System (IGMASS), to solve global issues of
contemporary humankind and to guarantee seismic, ecological and geophysical safety,
preventing global risks and threats of the 21st century and
developing forms and methods of distance education on a global scale. The
authors analyze contemporary world's space activities and sustainable
development; the role of advanced space technologies in reducing the risks and
threats posed by dramatic phenomena and man-caused disasters of the present on
the basis of some philosophical aspects of cosmonautics: development of the
ideas of "cosmism" and cosmic consciousness issues. In the article you can also find the purposes of
creation, main tasks, variants of deployment and functioning of the
International Global Monitoring Aerospace System; main principles of its
creation, system management, aerospace monitoring data acquisition, compilation
and acceptance; humanitarian, economic and ecological aspects of the IGMASS's
appearance, development and utilization, role of IAA activities in field of
solving dozens complicated questions mentioned above. The nowadays era of globalization and global
integration requires from the Humanity new planetary strategy of space
exploration. Its main difference from the previous half-century space era is
have to sharpen the shifting of space activity paradigm - its gradient
transforming from "space motor-paced race" for expansion and superiority in the
new sphere of human activity to unify the efforts of the world's states in the
field of joint space exploration. The purpose of such approach is to satisfy
real demands of the present for secure, safe and sustainable development of the
World Community. The main essence of such paradigm coincides with the ideas of
the classics of Cosmism, such as K.E.Tsiolkovskiy, A.L.Chizhevskiy and V.I.Vernadskiy
and members of Roerich's family - apologists of "Philosophy of Cosmic
consciousness". In this case philosophical aspects of space activities nowadays
and forming its proper, clear and adequate conception is followed by the idea
of deadline situation on our planet, suffering from continuous wars, man-caused
and social disasters, dangerous experiments of the Earth's population, which threatens
the life of our common home, can kills all the living in a global planetary
catastrophe. The Earth's "noo-sphere" (according
to Prof. Vladimir I.Vernadskiy) is already overflowing with negative images of
violence, earthliness, death and mass destruction. Specific Geo-pathogenic
zones all over the planet day by day remind people of their existence, turning
into creaks of the Earth's crust, accompanied by natural disasters such as
earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, landslides etc. The recent global
climate changing, which trends are becoming progressively less acceptable for
proper forecasts, are followed by catastrophic transforming of
land-utilization, crops reducing and weather anomalies, which lead to the most
dramatic consequences. The forecast of natural and
man-caused disasters on the Earth, their initiation and evolution is taking on special
significance urgency already. Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions,
landslides, floods, storms, droughts are the most common and dangerous natural
phenomena. According to the estimates of the UN International Strategy of
Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR) during the period of 1975 - 2008 there were 23
mega disasters with 1.8 million fatalities. During the same period natural
disasters resulted in the damage of 1.53 billion US dollars. Disastrous
earthquakes annually kill about 30 000 people on average. Seismic
disasters result (for example, the recent earthquake in To warn about natural man-caused
disasters on the basis of monitoring their forerunners or primary indicators,
degrade their consequences and be alert - is more profitable economically than
to react and rebuild the destructions. From the economic point of view creating
an effective disaster warning system is a more effective investment then a
forced response to their worst devastating results. The world's practice
confirms this conclusion: disaster forecast expenses are 15 times less than its
rectification consequences cost. Thus, natural and man-caused disasters alert,
weakening their consequences and readiness for preventing actions is more sound
economically than responding to their consequences. According to the scientific
estimates, the annual straight loss resulting from all kinds of extraordinary
natural phenomena and man-caused disasters is more than trillion US dollars
which, according to our estimates is two orders more than the costs for
creation of the International Global Monitoring Aerospace System (IGMASS),
proposed by the scientists of Space System Research Institute - branch of the
biggest Russian space Holding - Khrunichev Space Center (Moscow). It is
significant that unifying the efforts of the world community for solving such a
wide-scale issue, connected with the concentration of economic,
science-technical, intellectual and administrative recourses for utilizing
space sphere for solving such a peaceful task in the interests of all humanity
could become a real alternative to the US efforts of outer space militarization
and its turning into arm race an arena in ABM and anti-satellite modes. The contemporary The expediency of such studies as
and idea of proposed system firstly was recognized at the 1st International
Conference "Advanced Space Technologies for Humankind Prosperity" in
Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, then at the 1st IAA-RACTs Conference "Space for
Humanity" in Korolev, Russia, then at the Conference "Advanced Space
Technologies and Their Application" in Shanghai, China, 1-st Mediterranean
Astronautical Conference in Tunisia. The proposals were also discussed at the
round table and IAA Scientific Activities Committee meeting during IAA Academy
Day in Let us say a few words about the
Cyprus Symposium. This wide-scale scientific forum is to consider the issues
and prospects of creation of International Global Monitoring Aerospace System
(IGMASS) for solving global issues of contemporary humanity to guarantee
seismic, ecological and geophysical safety, preventing emergency, parrying
global risks and threats of the XXI century, developing forms and methods of
distant education on a global scale. Holding of the Symposium, which has been
organized by the International Academy of Astronautics (IАА) jointly with
Russian Academy of Cosmonautics named after K.E.Tsiolkovskiy and the
International Association ZNANIE has been supported by some UN bodies, Russian
Federal Space Agency and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Five groups of issues mentioned
below are to be discussed at the Symposium. So, there are 5 items on the
agenda: 1. Space Exploration and Global
Problems of the Humanity and the Present (space activities and sustainable
development; role of advanced space technologies in reducing the risks and
threats and disaster management by negative consequences of natural phenomena
and man-caused disasters the present; philosophical aspects of cosmonautics:
development of the ideas of "cosmism" and cosmic consciousness issues). 2. The prospective profile of the
International Global Monitoring Aerospace System - IGMASS (purposes of
creation, main tasks, variants of deployment and functioning of the system;
principles of the IGMASS creation, system management, aerospace monitoring data
acquisition, compilation and acceptance; economic aspects of the IGMASS's
creation, deployment, development and utilization, steps of the IAA activities
in the field of the IGMASS creation). 3. Global aerospace monitoring
methods and techniques (engineering) of natural phenomena, emergency man-made
disasters and catastrophes (opportunities for using the existing and future
orbital, airborne and ground technical facilities, appropriate engineering aerospace monitoring for
forecasting both natural phenomena (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcano eruptions,
flooding, billows etc.) and emergency situations and huge man-caused disasters
settlement; Environmental- ecological monitoring of Earth surface and
circumterrestrial space by using Remote Sensing Control technologies;
monitoring local war zones, terror threats and risks, drug traffic and pirate
routs). 4. Up-to-date technologies of
aerospace monitoring data acquisition and compilation and acceptance
(technologies of aerospace monitoring data collecting, computer handling,
multi-dimensional interpretation and processing, including "neo geography"
methodology). 5. Development of distant learning
(tele-education) conceptions using the IGMASS' informational resources (IGMASS
and solving global human issues - illiteracy, freedom of informational
exchanges; specialist training in the fields of global aerospace monitoring;
development of distant learning (tele-education) international institutions;
issues of the united educational sphere establishment, based on contemporary
informational and aerospace technologies). It's necessary to note that the UN focuses
its considerable attention at the use of space systems in the interests of
disaster management support. So, in annually reports of Committee on the Peaceful
Use of Outer Space (UNOOSA) there is a special section devoted to analysis of
the activity in the direction of disaster management support on national and
international levels. Directions of activity concerning this problem are also
determined in this section. That is why the main purpose of the Cyprus
Symposium and IAA working team activity has to be the preparation of address on
behalf of the IAA to the UN, with a request to support the creation of
International Aerospace System for Monitoring of Global Phenomena and its
realization. We understand that we will not
create the IGMASS from zero. The system should utilize all the existing
potential of International and regional space monitoring systems and their
components. Even more attention has been given of late to the creation of
international systems for monitoring natural disasters based on
multiple-satellite systems. Projects and initiatives for building of the global
space-based systems for monitoring of hazardous geophysical phenomena are in various
stages of implementation in the Moreover, the development of space
facilities for the Earth observation and monitoring gives principally new
opportunity to solve extremely complex problem to forecast and prevent natural
and man-caused disasters. At the moment there are some pessimistic moods
concerning the state of the problem of short-term negative global natural
phenomena forecast. But in spite of this, space observation systems having
abilities for global monitoring of the Earth's surface, atmosphere, near-Earth
space can provide detection of short-term signs and reliable forecasts of
earthquakes, tsunami, geophysical phenomena and on-line data transmitting
practically to any point on the Earth. The following facts give some
reasons for optimism. For the last 5 - 7 years considerable progress has been
achieved in understanding the processes of predetermining birth of negative
geophysical phenomena, in determination of their signs. Russian scientists
revealed relations between ionosphere characteristics and the state of the
Earth's crust tectonic. The advent of dense geodetic networks in seismically
active regions (e.g., SCIGN, the Southern California Integrated Global
Positioning System Network), and satellite interferometric synthetic aperture
radar (InSAR) from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites, have resulted
in great progress in understanding fault ruptures, transient stress fields, and
the collective behavior of fault systems, including transfer of stresses to
neighboring faults following earthquakes. Thus, the IGMASS is a mega-system
which has to be the unique instrument in the matter of implementation
full-scale policy of preventing and reducing consequences of natural disasters
and man-caused catastrophes. Let us say a few words about how we
imagine the future appearance of the IGMASS. It is well-known that the
short-term forecast of natural and man-made disasters and earthquakes needs
dedicated operational information from across the globe concerning the changes
in the Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere. Such information must be
processed in a special way and transmitted to relevant decision-making authorities.
This can be achieved by building an optimum in-orbit complex with an adequate
instrumentation package in conjunction with airborne systems, sensing equipment
and efficient on-land infrastructure. None of the considered projects fully
meets these requirements. The results of conducted analysis
allow us to conclude that the creation of the International aerospace system
for monitoring of global phenomena in the interests of short-term forecast of
natural and man-caused disasters is urgent and current importance task. Taking into consideration the
previous creation of international aerospace system for monitoring of global
phenomena - the International Global Monitoring Aerospace System (IGMASS), it
is easy to understand that it is one the most important directions for solving
the problem dealing with on‑line global and short-term forecast of natural
and man-caused disasters. Consequently, the main purpose of creation of the
IGMASS is Global monitoring of the Earth's surface, the Earth's atmosphere and
near-Earth environment from the space with the possibility to transfer
observation data to ground situation centers which carry out forecast and
warning in quasi-real time to prevent natural and man-caused disasters. The aim
of the IGMASS is decreasing danger and negative consequences of natural and
man-caused disasters for the population and economic potential of countries on
the base of creating united scientific and technical and informational space in
the field of monitoring the Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere.
This goal is achieved by means of effective development and mutual use of space
potential, advanced monitoring technologies and procedures for data processing
which different countries have for the sake of providing the global operational
and short-term forecast of natural and man-caused disasters. Purpose and tasks of IGMASS Purpose: Global monitoring of Earth's
surface, Earth's atmosphere and near-Earth environment from Space with
possibility to transfer observation data to ground situation centers which
carry out forecast and warning in quasi-real time to prevent natural and
man-caused disasters. Aim: Decreasing of danger and negative
consequences of natural and man-caused disasters for population and economic
potential of countries on the base creation of unified scientific and technical
and informational space in the field monitoring of Earth's lithosphere,
atmosphere and ionosphere. This aim is achieved by
means of effective development and mutual use of space potential, advanced
monitoring technologies and procedures for data processing which different
countries have in the interesting of providing the global operational and
short-term forecast of natural and man-caused disasters The main tasks of the system are: -
remote
observation of the Earth's surface, atmosphere and ionosphere with the help of
visible and heat range equipment, low- and high-frequency wave complexes,
complexes for monitoring charged particles, magnetometers, mass-analyzers,
spectrometers; -
data
obtaining by satellite equipment and its registration, transfer of monitoring
data from satellite to ground centers to obtain, store and process the Earth
observation information both in real-time and with delaying in case of data
storage in satellite on-board memory; -
preprocessing
and processing of the Earth observation information with the use of ground
stations which are part of global (international) and national situation
centers; -
monitoring
data acquisition and processing in the interests of operational and short-term
forecast of natural and man-caused disasters, and data storage and display in
the international situation centers as well; -
on-line
and operational delivery of necessary information to state authorities both in
Russia and in other countries for the sake of hazard reducing and decreasing of
negative consequences of natural and man-caused disasters for people and
economic potential of different countries; -
remote
education (distance learning) in the interests of training specialists in the
field of monitoring, forecast of natural and man-caused disasters and other
areas of science and engineering with the help of advanced space and
informational technologies; -
providing
with data for weather analysis and forecast on regional and global levels. To achieve the goal and solve the
tasks of the creation of the proposed system it must consist of space, air and
ground segments. The orbital segment of the system
has to consist of the upper (GEO) and lower deck groups of satellites. At that,
system uses extra information obtained from satellites of other international
disaster monitoring systems such as GEOSS, GMES, DMC, Charter Disaster,
Sentinel Asia. The use of information supplied by these satellites ensures, in
the first place, its complexity and reliability, and, in the second place,
enables to test ground segment of the system prior to the deployment of its
orbit constellation. The obtained data is transmitted to the situational
centers for control during emergency situations which supplies users with
information on results of monitoring. Orbital segment consists of small
satellites which have mass of 100 ‑ The space-based segment of the
system enables the process of obtaining background distributions and emission
of disturbances of thermal, magnetic, and gravitational fields and plasma in
ionosphere and detects changes in the ozone layer and atmosphere. It also
detects geodynamic transformations in the Earth's crust and hydrodynamic
fluctuations in underground waters, which could be forerunners of natural and
man-caused disasters. The air-based segment of the IGMASS
will include national air-born sensors (on airplanes, dirigibles or pilot-less
aircrafts). The segment is created in case of need by each state at its own
expense and is not international. The ground segment of the IGMASS
consists of ground facilities to provide orbital injection of satellites and
their control (rocket-and-space complexes and ground control complex and
special ground complex - hierarchic sub-system that provides customers with
monitoring information concerning geophysical processes and forecast of natural
and man-caused disasters. Delivery of obtained data to the interested
organizations is realized by means of global system that provides customers
with monitoring information concerning geophysical processes and forecast of
natural and man-caused disasters. This data is necessary for scheduling of use,
obtaining, structural recovery, processing, storage and circulation of all
types of data transmitted from satellites. Structure of such hierarchic
sub-system that provides customers with monitoring information has three levels: the highest level, which
includes international centers for control during emergency situations which
are situated in Moscow, Geneva, Madrid, New York City and others cities; medium
level, which includes national centers for control during emergency situations,
these centers have to interface with the centers of the highest level and the
lower level which consists of ground stations which provide space data
obtaining. For efficient transmitting of
monitoring information from GEO satellites for the sake of providing global
centers of emergency situations control with space data it is necessary to have
five international distributed ground stations to obtain space data. These
stations, for example, can be situated at the West coast of The IGMASS' navigation and
information support sub-system is designed to supply different states with the navigational
information received by space navigation systems for addressing a variety of
social and economic needs, including information exchange and
telecommunications. An on-Earth dedicated navigation and information support includes
an integrated telecommunication system of transport corridors and a system for
supplying consumers with high-precision navigational information. The
integrated telecommunication system of transport corridors is designed for:
enhancing the transportation network throughput, ensuring traffic safety,
protecting the environment, and increasing cargo transportation efficiency via
transport corridors. It must include a complex of information and software
devices bringing together modern information and telecommunication technologies
with traffic stream organization based on a single territorially distributed
and protected information resource of a state participating in this project. The sub-system of supplying
consumers with high-precision navigational information is designed for forming
navigational and informational space within which an unlimited number of mobile
and fixed objects in any point on land, at sea or in the air fitted with
navigational, sensing and data exchange systems are able to automatically and
accurately determine the whereabouts, based on signals from GLONASS, GPS, and
Galileo. One of the key components of the IGMASS is the Special Sub-system of
Distant Learning for training specialists in the field of monitoring and
forecasting of natural and man-caused disasters performs the following function: -
Enhancing the capability
of learning in monitoring and forecasting of natural and man-made disasters for
Russian and non-Russian citizens residing far from major educational institutions, -
Enabling learners to get
knowledge in monitoring and forecasting of natural and man-made disasters at
their place of residence or work, -
Improving professional
skills of personnel of organizations and companies in countries involved in
monitoring and forecasting natural and man-made disasters, -
Improving the process of
efficient training the experts in the IGMASS elements and in organization of
its employment, -
Improving the students'
knowledge at different educational institutions (schoolchildren, college and
university students). We expect that creation and operation of IGMASS will result in the
effect which will include pronounced humanitarian, economic and ecological
aspects. The humanitarian aspect of the
IGMASS creation includes both health and life preservation of hundreds of
thousands of people with the help of permanent control and forecast of natural
and man-made disasters and early warning the population about natural disasters
and global calamities, and better understanding the necessity of peaceful
co-existence on the Earth by the world community and preservation of the world
civilization. The economic aspect of the issue is positioned as retention and
buildup of research, engineering and technological capability of participant
states; annual saving financial and material resources due to preventing the
emergencies (mitigation of the negative impact) caused by man-caused disasters,
and warning about natural disasters that could bring
multi-billion-dollars-damage; re-orientation of saved funds towards
humanitarian needs. Ecological effect from the creation and utilization of the
system is characterized by obtaining reliable information about the impact of
human activity on the environment and the Earth; more effective development and
implementation of large-scale efforts aimed at addressing ecological threats
generated by natural and man-made disasters. The realization of International Global
Monitoring Aerospace System (IGMASS) in World will be implemented under the
direction of IGMASS International Coordination Council and IGMASS Managing
Company. The Realization includes several large stages, that are
requiring coordination on International level. Main Steps of IGMASS Creation -
Informational
services marketing for IGMASS Project. -
Making
contracts with IGMASS Project key account, state account, investors main
elaborators. -
IGMASS
technical task (projecting). -
IGMASS
system project elaboration (projecting). -
IGMASS
technical project elaboration (projecting). -
IGMASS
test units production. -
IGMASS
components ground testing -
IGMASS
complex testing (ground, air and space) -
IGMASS
producing and full-scale deployment Taking into consideration the fact
that the problem of forecasting and preventing natural and man-caused disasters
is of an obviously international character and while creating the international
aerospace system for monitoring global phenomena we must solve a number of
scientific and applied tasks dealing with development, test and utilization of
special facilities for registration of global phenomena signs, the following
organizational steps should be taken. 1.
To
provide the IGMASS with an adequate support from the UN, including financial
one, during realization of the proposed project. Large-scale program which has
been realizing since 2007 by the initiative and under the aegis of the UN is
the so-called United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster
Management and Emergency Response (SPIDER-UN). This is aimed at ensuring that
all countries and all relevant international and regional organizations will
have access to all types of space-based information and be able to use it I
order to support the full disaster management cycle by being a gateway to space
information for disaster management support. 2.
The
proposed IGMASS project has to be initialized and conducted by IAA as an
organization which will accumulate the world scientific potential in the field
of space sciences and engineering, first of all in the interests of humanity. 3.
The
ultimate aim of IAA Study group should be the concrete proposals concerning the
creation of the IGMASS for monitoring global geophysical phenomena and
forecasting natural and man-caused disasters on the base of efficient
development and joint use of aerospace capability, advanced technologies in the
field of the Earth's lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere monitoring, data
processing methods and instruments to provide global operative and short-term
forecast of natural and man-caused disasters in the interests of decreasing
dangerous and negative consequences of global geophysical phenomena, natural
and man-caused disasters. 4.
Recently, Russian
Academy of Cosmonautics named after K.E.Tsiolkovskiy jointly with Maximum's
Space Systems Research Institute held independent research on IGMASS' agenda to
define its technical profile and operational performance. Scientific report
about main results of the research are five books, including more then one
thousands pages. The potential member states of the
project to build the IGMASS are the -
GEO and low orbit
complexes and systems of new generation for hydro meteorological support and
efficient monitoring of earthquakes, man-caused and natural incidents and
disasters; -
Optical-to-electrical
complex and corresponding system to research the Earth's natural resources, -
Space radar observation
systems and integrated satellite the Earth observation system -
Advanced multifunctional
complexes and centers of ground facilities to obtain, register and process
space information concerning the Earth remote sensing -
Complexes of validated
sub-satellite observations, data banks and technologies for distribution of
space information -
On-board equipment for
EOS' satellites. In order to warn and
forecast earthquakes "Federal Space Program of Russia for the Period of 2006 - Thus, a long lasting conception of
International Global Monitoring Aerospace System creation which was proposed by
Russian scientists and supported by their foreign colleagues, and would be used
for complex of short-term and on-the-spot forecasting natural disasters and
man-caused catastrophes could become the backbone idea, which in case of its
practical realization would indicate the beginning of new strategy of space
exploration - strategy directed on maintaining ecologically secure and socially
sustainable development of the world community with the basis of common and
imperishable values of lifesaving mode of our planet. Anatoly
Nikolaevich Perminov, the Head of Russian Federal
Space Agency; Dr.; Prof., Head of "Exploitation of
Rocket and Space Technique" (Moscow Aviation
Institute (MAI)) Author of more than 70 scientific papers and articles
on space themes, which were published in Russian and
foreign editions. Laureate of State Prize, and several Prizes in sphere of
science and engineering from Russia Government. The domain of professional
interests is the upgrading of rocket-space technique, managing in space
activity sphere. Valery
Alexandrovich Menshikov,
Director of Space Systems Research Institute named after A.A.Maximov (Branch of FSVE Khrunichev Space Center), Chief Designer of Multifunctional Space System of the Union State of Russia
and Belarus; Dr.; Prof.; Vice-President
of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics named after K.Tsiolkovskiy (RACT),
President of Moscow area Regional Department of
the RACT. Author of more than 600 scientific papers, 8 inventions, 23 monographs and several political and autobiographic
works. Honoured Scientist of |
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