"All-seeing Eye" Project -
aerospace system of Earth
monitoring
R.D.Mukhamedyarov
Institute of Aerospace
Instrument-making
Aspirations to cognition of unknown, building of the
new world are major features of human's intellect. This feature shows itself though
the engineer's creativity which is the main factor of progress, creation of new
world.
Creativity is equivalent to the progress and our community
depends on those people, who can foresee and supply the demand for new
production and (or) technologies of human activity, especially in the field of
aerospace research and development.
Nowadays in the time of world crisis aerospace remote
probing of Earth by avia- and space bearers can become one of the quick-growing
segments of aerospace industry in the most developed counties, including
countries of Euro-Asian region.
There are the most prepared personnel and the most advanced young of
Euro-Asian integration in the CIS countries from the time of Soviet Union in
this field of services.
Appearance of the new fundamental ideas and super technologies in this segment
is regularity but as I mentioned repeatedly, it is required very big
coordination both in the CIS and in the world community.
The Earth (our home) can be considered in the optical wavelength range as
the giant, thermodynamic open geosystem, sui generis a heat engine which is
characterized by processes of matter and energy exchange with surrounding space,
including inner parts of our planet. The matter and energy exchange between
components of geosystems is the factor of its inner unity - its geostructure.
The Earth and the Sun
are exist as the matter - substance which is warmed up to the temperature on
the surface Т3 =257
К and Тс =5770 К in the field of relict photon radiation, which
corresponds to temperature of deeper cold of Space 2,7 К.
Thermodynamic
theory of such heat engine is known and the entropy gain is DЭ = DQ/T,
where ∆Q - quantity
of heat by temperature Т.
Short-wave thermal
radiation which comes to the Earth from the Sun is about Ес =230 вт/м2 and
correspond to the Sun surface temperature about Тс
=5770К.
Structure and dynamic of processes in the landscape sphere in the surface
layers of the Earth depends on quantity of energy which comes to the geosystem.
Evolution and self-organization processes occur in thin layer of Earth's
crust which consists of rocks and sedimentary rocks, water and atmosphere.
Evolution and self-organization processes express in geological,
atmosphere and biological processes. Evolution and self-organization processes
on the Earth take place because of temperature difference (gradient) between
the Sun or the Earth core and temperature of the Space.
Nowadays the
better aerospace thermal imagers and radiometers have equivalent to noise
temperature difference DТЭ = 0,1÷0,3К, that is on two
degree more than 8÷15 mm - maximum sizes for this
atmospheric window, which conditional on background noises. This is means that
information volume of coefficients reflection from different objects is
equivalent to eyes information value in illumination on 4 degree less than
middle day illumination, which correspond to deep twilight.
By objects
observation on the Earth surface in cloudless weather contrast coefficient is
sin275° = 0,933.
But for penetration
to the depth of geological structures of a landscape the new method of
temperature sensitivity rising can be applied - Mukhamedyarov's
videothermovision generalization method (MVTGM).
Mukhamedyarov's videothermovision generalization method (MVTGM) based on applied
consequences of two lemm- hypotheses, which is raised and used by author from
80 th years of the last:
thermal radiation remember its origin;
deep Earth's structure is semitransparent in the optical
wavelength range
Essential novelty of MVTGM is in the following. Precedent maps of thermal
field of the Earth are based on contact methods of temperature detection in
holes using sensors with limit quantity. Therefore getting by this methods
temperature distribution is necessary discrete. MVTGM allows to get continuous
picture of temperature detection, and this is its mail qualitative difference
from contact methods. Practically the effect of uninterrupted probing and Earth
density anomaly exposure by depth with appropriate anomalies of temperature
field is applied. At this point temperature field is got by using weight
function based on three-dimensional pyramid enclosure of the Earth crust
thermal radiation in result radiation of surface element.
Suggested method allows searching
anomalies of the Earth temperature field with depth, i.e. to define regions of
anomalies mass-energy exchange - in different fields of geologic-geophysical
layers of the Earth. This is achieved because aerospace digital thermovision
images are processed by suggested
method, particular, in the base of three-dimensional pyramid enclosure of the
Earth crust thermal radiation in result radiation of surface element.
Full
apparatus implementation of MVTGM is possible within the bounds of
International project
For project
realization it is necessary to use in one time geostationary orbit middle and
low- orbit satellites and avia-bearers: aircrafts, helicopters, and dirigibles.
Space apparatus
in the geostationary orbit has equal circulation period to rotation period of the
Earth and plane of orbit is matched to equator plane.
Under-satellite
point has its own geographic longitude - working point and zero latitude. B.Ye.Ghertok
affirms that there were 240 guided space apparatuses in 2008 on the geostationary
orbit, and there will be another 20th in each year.
For
international project (
1. Six satellites on geostationary orbit by Earth equator
are integrated in two groups by three satellites - apexes of two triangular
plains, which conditionally dissect the Earth by equator as
2. On big
engineering constructions, such as the Great China Wall (length 7300km),
bridges, weirs, atomic and thermal power plants theodolite-range finder are
settled. They work at the same time by satellite and by reflectors, placed on
complicate engineering constructions. At the cost of this creation of global
positional system with precision + 1 mm is reached.
3. Highly
sensitive radiometric apparatus of visional and thermal range with permission
1440m in thermal (long infrared) and 360m in visible range are set on
geostationary orbit satellites. And highly sensitive radiometric apparatus of
visional with spatial resolution 70m and thermal range of 140m (capture on area
136°4´ (5H=3500 km)) are set on satellites
which working on solar-synchronous orbit H=700 km.
Angle resolution of
multispectral thermal imager-radiometer (МТR), which is placed on geostationary orbit Н=35880 кm for
penetration to the center of the Earth hN=hT=6377km at N= 225-steps of generalization must be = (p/2)·10-3rad, at that time visible ranges of optic
spectrum (zero layer) may have resolution that is better on p/2·10-4 rad.
4
Videothermovision apparatus with spatial resolution from 1 to 120 mm and
temperature resolution about ~0,01 К which are set on dirigibles built into global
positional system with definition of spatial resolution to precision 1mm are
used on the height of 50m to 6000m
Through special integral conversion
generalization allows to take temperature sensitivity to (10-5-10-6)К, that leads to the effect
of layer-specific (1÷225 layers) penetration to the Earth's depth and
uninterrupted control of lithosphere plate movements (thickness
25÷35km), which are causes of thickness, tension, and also to more
qualitative and quantitative description of engineering constructions and
processing station thermodynamic condition.
So it could
be synthesize of many videothermovision images of the same object. By comparing
it with primary pictures in visible and near infrared range of given object, it
could receive on the one "analytic level" mutual disposition of what placed
above (under) land and under water on different depths and determine technical
condition of engineering constructions in different times of the day and year
in static and dynamic.
In the
following stage of interpretation of decode images by different fields
knowledge specialists: geologists, geophysicist, mechanics - specialists by
nondestructive control, the qualitative new information can be received.
Temperature
differential (gradient) is sharply changing in the place of destruction of
engineering constructions and breaks can happen. These values of thermodynamic
temperature changing are very small - about 0,001÷0,00001К, but by MVTGM
method it is possible to reveal and track it. Remote tracking of such small
changing of temperatures opens new page of anthropogenic catastrophes and
natural disasters forecast.
At that temperatures
and high pressures deep structures of the Earth from centre
to depths h≈2000km practically are optically
transparent for ultraviolet, visible and close infrared own radiation. From
three components conducted thermal conduction, convection and radiant heat
exchange (radiation), the last plays the main role in the Earth thermodynamics.
As for the following layers of the Earth close
by surface (from 2000 кm to Earth surface): the first layer h1 moves the spectrum of its
own radiation to remote infrared spectrum to the window of atmo-sphere
transparency and geological environments becomes environment.
By using of МВТГМ and experimental data of the
future system
Robert
Davletovich Mukhamedyarov, Dr., Prof.; General director,
General designer (Close Corporation "Institute of aerospace instrument
engineering". The interests area: methodical and instrumental background
of the designing of the remote sensing aerospace systems, finding of
underground oil-gas and ore deposit; prediction of natural and anthropogenic
catastrophes.